How to manipulate outline

Purpose: To help the viewer understand the basics of manipulation as it is an very important tactic used a lot in today’s society.
Topic: Manipulation of the other through communicative interaction.
Thesis: Manipulation is used as an important deceptive tactic and it’s important to understand the underlining meaning of manipulation, by understanding the difference between manipulation and persuasion.
Intro:
First things first, I titled the paper Shapeshifter because the manipulator often changes forms communicatively speaking. Not showing your true colors and being able to change and adapt makes the manipulator hard to read and the best at his work. Now that’s all cleared up Manipulation is used as an important deceptive tactic and it’s important to understand the underlying meaning of manipulation, by understanding the difference between manipulation and persuasion. I will be giving the various definitions for manipulation. I will then discuss the difference between manipulation and perception. The next step of this paper is to explain how manipulators get an effect of response from their victim. I will then show the Elaboration likely hood model and the use of manipulation with the model followed by the cognitive dissonance theory, and social theory and how they relate to manipulation, as well.


I. Defining manipulation
A. Exerting shrewd or devious influence especially for one's own advantage; "his manipulation of his friends was scandalous".
B. I say anything you want when I don’t mean it or I lie about how I feel.
C. Manipulative behavior is trying to make people feel guilty when you want to get some sort of reaction depending on your desires.
D. To control or play upon by artful, unfair, or insidious means especially to one's own advantage.
E. A type of social influence that aims to change the perception or behavior of others through underhanded deceptive, or even abusive tactics.


II. The difference between manipulation and perception.
A. the difference between persuasion and manipulation lies largely in underlying intent and desire to create genuine benefit.
B. Understanding how people form opinions, arguments and present and integrate facts into their mental models is mission-critical in your ability to convince anybody to buy into an idea and then act on that idea. That’s the essence of persuasion.
C. The intent behind your desire to persuade that person, the truthfulness and transparency of the process, and the net benefit or impact on that person.
D. Manipulation implies persuasion with the intent to fool, control or contrive the person on the other side of the conversation into doing something, believing something, or buying into something that leaves them either harmed or without benefit.
E. It may also imply that you are concealing a desire to move them to your point of view in a way that will benefit you. And if this benefit were disclosed, that revelation would make the other person far less receptive to your message because it would, Demonstrate an ulterior motive for the attempt at persuasion, often driven by one-sided benefit.



III. How manipulators get an effect a response.
A. Manipulators will use realization in order to make their behavior appear as okay, by spinning the situation.
B. Manipulators will lie in order to feel closer to the victim and or to make them feel a particular emotion.
C. Manipulators will often use diversion to questions they are being asked by not giving a straight forward answer and instead making the conversation go in a different direction.
D. Manipulators will use Evasion in order to make their communication confusing by being very vague.
E. Often the manipulator will play the role of victim in order to get pity or sympathy or evoke compassion, so the manipulator plays on their emotions in order to get the victim to cooperate.


IV. The Elaboration Likely hood model and the use of manipulation
A. Determining motivation and attitude change
a. is based on the idea that attitudes are important because attitudes guide decisions and other behaviors.
b. Determines the extent to which arguments are processed and evaluated (high elaboration) versus peripheral cues such as source expertise or attractiveness (low elaboration) shape persuasion.
c. The ELM accounts for the differences in persuasive impact produced by arguments that contain ample information and cogent reasons as compared to messages that rely on simplistic associations of negative and positive attributes to some object, action or situation.
d. The key variable in this process is involvement, the extent to which an individual is willing and able to ‘think’ about the position advocated and its supporting materials.
e. When people are motivated and able to think about the content of the message, elaboration is high. Elaboration involves cognitive processes such as evaluation, recall, critical judgment, and inferential judgment.

f. When elaboration is high, the central persuasive route is likely to occur; conversely, the peripheral route is the likely result of low elaboration. Persuasion may also occur with low elaboration. The receiver is not guided by his or her assessment of the message, as in the case of the central route, but the receiver decides to follow a principle or a decision-rule which is derived from the persuasion situation.

V. Central Route
a. Central route processes require the audience to use a great deal more thought, and therefore are likely to predominate under conditions that promote high elaboration.
b. Central route processes involve careful scrutiny of a persuasive communication to determine the merits of the arguments. Under these conditions, a person's unique cognitive responses to the message determine the persuasive outcome.
c. If a person evaluates a message centrally as reliable, well-constructed, and convincing, it will often be received as favorable even if it is contrasting to the receiver’s original stance on the message. So, if favorable thoughts are a result of the elaboration process, , and if unfavorable thoughts are generated while considering the merits of presented arguments, the message will most likely be rejected. In order for the message to be centrally processed, a person must have the ability and motivation to do so.
d. In order for the receiver to have motivation to centrally process a message it must have relevance to him or her.

VI. Peripheral route
a. Peripheral route processes, do not involved elaboration of the message through cognitive processing of the merits of the argument given.
b. These processes tend to depend on environmental characteristics of what the message is, such as the credibility of the source.
c. The peripheral route is a mental shortcut which is processed that accepts or rejects messages based on irrelevant cues as opposed to actively thinking about the issue.
d. Outside forces effect the processing of the information.

VII. Cognitive Dissonance theory and the use of manipulation
A. Dissonance theory applies to all situations involving attitude formation and change.
B. This theory is able to manipulate people into certain behavior, by doing so these people will alter their attitudes themselves.
C. Though it’s a psychological theory it holds much acceptance in communication. The theory views individuals as more purposeful decision makers instead of being sporadic. They look for balance in their life’s and beliefs.
D. . If given decisions or information that creates dissonance, they use dissonance reduction strategies to regain equilibrium, especially if the dissonance affects their self-esteem

VIII. The social cognitive theory and the use of manipulation
A. The social cognitive theory explains how people gain and maintain certain behavioral patterns, while also providing the basis for changing such strategies.
B. Evaluating behavioral change depends on the factors environment, people and behavior. The reason for this is because people act differently around other people depending on what is seen as acceptable.
. C. The environment refers to the factors that can affect a person’s behavior.
There are both social and physical environments that exist in our daily communication.
Social environment would be our family members, friends and colleagues. Physical environment is the size of a room, the ambiance, temperature, or the availability of certain foods. Environment and situations that are taking place provide the framework for understanding behavior this is the why environment is important.